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Gout is a metabolic disease closely associated with hyperuricemia and urate deposition. Because of the complex pathogenesis， high morbidity， multiple complications， and increasingly young patients， gout has received worldwide attention. Currently， western medicine mainly treats gout by lowering the uric acid level and reducing inflammation， which， however， causes serious adverse reactions and has contraindications. Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex （PCC） is the dried bark of Phellodendron chinense， with the effects of clearing heat， drying dampness， purging fire， detoxifying， and treating sores. Studies have shown that PCC and its active components have anti-inflammatory， pain-relieving， uric acid-lowering， and anti-gout activities， with extensive sources and high safety. PCC and its active components could prevent and treat gout through multi-targets and multi-pathways， whereas the systematic review remains to be carried out. Therefore， this paper summarized the pharmacological activities and mechanisms of PCC and its active components in the treatment of gout. The available studies have shown that PCC and its active components exert the anti-gout effect by lowering the uric acid level， reducing inflammation， alleviating oxidative stress， and regulationg intestinal flora， and protecting the kidneys. Particularly， the active components represented by alkaloids contribute obviously to the therapeutic effect of of PCC. Herein， we analyzed the problems and future development of the research on PCC， aiming to provide theoretical support and a scientific basis for the research and development of new drugs against gout.
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Zishenwan， also known as Tongguanwan， is composed of three herbs：Anemarrhenae Rhizoma， Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex， and Cinnamomi Cortex， which thus is thought to be the representative formula to clear heat， purge fire， nourish Yin， and tonify Qi， and it is often used for treating anuresis and renal arthralgia. In recent years， this formula has become a commonly used combination of herbs and is used to treat diabetes （consumptive thirst disease） diagnosed with "lower consumption" syndrome. This article systematically reviewed the development of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） theory for Zishenwan. Moreover， based on modern pharmacological research， the previous studies on the components of Zishenwan， the improvement of diabetes-related diseases by Zishenwan， and the relationship between the single herd of Zishenwan and the treatment of diabetes were summarized， and the chemical components and the mechanisms for treating diabetes by the three herbs were discussed. It is found that Zishenwan can alleviate diabetes and diabetic nephropathy by performing anti-inflammation， enhancing insulin sensitivity， and inhibiting pyroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells. Three herbs in Zishenwan and several components of them， including mangiferin， timosaponins， berberine， jatrorrhizine， cinnamaldehyde， and cinnamic acid can ameliorate diabetes and maintain stable glycometabolism by a variety of mechanisms such as improving insulin resistance in insulin target tissues， suppressing inflammation， anti-oxidation， regulating lipid metabolism， enhancing insulin secretion， and regulating gut microbiota. This review provides a theoretical foundation and reference for subsequent studies on the mechanisms of the anti-diabetic effect of Zishenwan.
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A strategy combining collision cross section(CCS) prediction and quantitative structure-retention relationship(QSRR) model for quinoline and isoquinoline alkaloids was established based on UHPLC-IM-Q-TOF-MS and applied to Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex and Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex. The strategy included the following three steps.(1) The molecular features were extracted by the "find features" algorithm.(2) The potential quinoline and isoquinoline alkaloids were screened by filtering the original characteristic ions extracted from Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex and Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex by the established CCS vs m/z prediction interval.(3) According to the retention time of candidate compounds predicted by QSRR model, the chemical constituents were identified in combination with the characteristic fragment ions and pyrolysis law of secondary mass spectrometry. With the strategy, a total of 80 compounds were predicted, and 15 were identified accurately. The strategy is effective for the identification of small analogs of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Algorithms , Alkaloids , Isoquinolines , QuinolinesABSTRACT
Scutellariae Radix， Coptidis Rhizoma， and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex are three commonly used Chinese herbal medicines， and their application in classic famous prescriptions cannot be fully explained by the triple energizer classification method. This study reviewed the ancient materia medica works and elaborated on the functions of the three herbal medicines before the Song dynasty and after the Jin dynasty. The works before the Song dynasty mainly introduced the diseases treated by the three herbal medicines according to the Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica（《神农本草经》）， and the works after the Jin dynasty mainly expounded the indications of the three medicines in the Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica according to the new medical theory. Although all the three herbal medicines can treat heat syndrome， digestive system diseases， skin and mucosa diseases， they act on different targets. Scutellariae Radix can regulate Qi stagnation and reverse caused by the fire syndrome. Coptidis Rhizoma can treat excess fire and purulent bloody stool caused by the deficiency of Zang-fu organs. Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex mainly treats the diseases of the intestine and reproductive system and can kill parasites. In addition， this paper summarized the descriptions about the functions of Scutellariae Radix in eliminating blood blockage， Coptidis Rhizoma in protecting the intestine， and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex in clearing the liver in ancient books. According to the sentences in the Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases（《伤寒杂病论》）， the application of Scutellariae Radix in Chaihu prescriptions， Coptidis Rhizoma in Baitouweng Decoction， and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex in Zhizi Baipi Decoction confirms to the indications of the three medicines in the materia medica works before the Song Dynasty. The existing clinical and pharmacological research results confirm the indications of the three herbal medicines in the ancient works. The clinical application of the three medicines should refer to the materia medicia works before the Song dynasty， so as to achieve precise medication.
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Objective:To investigate the effect of compatibility of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex couplet medicines on glucolipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats before and after salt-processing. Method:The type 2 diabetic rat model was induced by high-fat and high-glucose diet combined with low dose streptozotocin （STZ）， the model rats were randomly divided into six groups， including the model group， metformin group （200 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>）， and different compatibility groups of raw and salt-processed of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex （6.48 g·kg<sup>-1</sup>）. In addition， The same week old rats fed with normal diet were set as the blank group. After 30 d of continuous intragastric administration， changes of fasting blood glucose （FBG）， fasting serum insulin （FINS）， glycosylated serum protein （GSP）， hepatic glycogen， blood lipid ［total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）， high density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）］， nonesterified fatty acid （NEFA）， adipocytokines ［adiponectin （ADP） and leptin）］， kidney function ［blood urea nitrogen （BUN） and creatinine （CRE）］ and other indicators of rats from different groups were detected， and the insulin sensitivity index （ISI） and insulin resistance index （HOMA-IR） were calculated， hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the morphological changes of pancreas， liver and kidney of rats from different groups. Result:Compared with the model group， compatibility of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex couplet medicines before and after salt-processing all could decrease the levels of FBG， GSP， TC， TG， LDL-C， NEFA， leptin， BUN， CRE and HOMA-IR， and increase the contents of FINS， HDL-C， ADP， hepatic glycogen and ISI， among which the compatibility of salt-processed Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and salt-processed Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex had the most significant effect on regulating glucolipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats. The compatibility of all couplet medicines could improve the histopathological changes of pancreas， liver and kidney in type 2 diabetic rats， among which the compatibility of salt-processed Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and salt-processed Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex had the most prominent effect on repairing pathological damage. Conclusion:The compatibility of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex before and after salt-processing can improve glucolipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats， while the comprehensive effect of salt-processed Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and salt-processed Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex<italic> </italic>on lowering glucose and regulating lipid is the best.
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This paper aims to explore active components and mechanism of Scutellariae Radix(SR)-Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex(PCC) drug pair in treatment of psoriasis by network pharmacology and molecular docking. Specifically, the chemical components of SR and PCC were retrieved from literature and TCMSP, as well as targets of these components from PharmMapper and UniProt, and the targets related to psoriasis from OMIM, TTD, PharmGkb, and DrugBank. Then the chemical component-medicinal target, protein-protein interaction(PPI), and chemical component-psoriasis target networks were constructed by Cytoscape. Gene ontology(GO) term enrichment analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed based on Metascape. Finally, molecular docking of the chemical components(high degree) with core therapeutic targets was carried out by AutoDock vina. The results showed 88 compounds of SR and PCC(including baicalin, wogonoside, berberine and phellodendrine) and 30 targets of the pair in the treatment of psoriasis. The 30 targets mainly involved the biological processes such as neutrophil mediated immunity(GO: 0002446) and T cell activation(GO: 0042110), and the signaling pathways such as metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450(hsa00980), apoptosis(hsa04210), and PI3 K-Akt signaling pathway(hsa04151). The results of molecular docking demonstrated that the main active components can spontaneously bind to the targets and the binding energy of 46 components with epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) was less than-8 kcal·mol~(-1). According to the PPI analysis, EGFR may be a key target for the treatment of psoriasis. Active components such as baicalin and berberine had high binding affinity with EGFR. This study preliminarily revealed the multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway mechanism of SR-PCC drug pair in the treatment of psoriasis, which provided theoretical basis for the research on the mechanism of the drug pair in the treatment of psoriasis.
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Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Molecular Docking Simulation , Psoriasis/genetics , Scutellaria baicalensis , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex is perennial deciduous arbors, herbaceous medicinal plants are perennial. It is a rational disposition of Chinese materia medica planting colonies by inter cropping of Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex and herbaceous medicinal plants, based on their different plant height. According to the different demand of sunlight in density and periodicity, the heliophilous and shade-requiring plants, perennial arbors and herbaceous, short and long-term growth plants were intercropping in this kind of the ecological planting pattern. It can efficiently enhance the ecological, economic and social benefits by making full use of nutrients and land sources, as well as increasing the biodiversity in Chinese materia medica planting areas.
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Agriculture , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Feasibility Studies , Materia Medica , Plants, MedicinalABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To develop a method for determining 12 constituents in Yigan Jiedu Capsules by HPLC. METHODS: The quantitative analysis was carried out on a Waters Atlantic T3 C18column maintained at 40 ℃, using mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile(A)and 0.1% phosphoric acid solution(B)by a gradient elution program(0-10 min, 4%→13%A; 10-20 min, 13%→15%A; 20-25 min, 15%→19%A; 25-35 min, 19%A; 35-36 min, 19%→23%A; 36-45 min, 23%→27%A; 45-56 min, 27%→43%A; 56-65 min, 43%→65%A) at a flow rate of 1 mL•min-1. The detection wavelength was set at 270 nm in the first 22 min, and then changed to 290 nm between 22 and 44 min, and last changed to 270 nm. RESULTS: The linear ranges of gallic acid, vanillic acid, picroside Ⅱ, astilbin, engeletin, picroside, baicalin, berberine hydrochloride, wogonoside, emodin, chrysophanol and wogonin fell with in the range of 0.012 19-0.243 8 μg, 0.036 70-0.734 0 μg, 0.033 77-0.675 4 μg, 0.057 38-1.147 6 μg, 0.006 580-0.131 6 μg, 0.015 38-0.307 6 μg, 0.067 11-1.342 2 μg, 0.028 04-0.560 8 μg, 0.041 48-0.829 6 μg, 0.006 310-0.126 2 μg, 0.013 64-0.272 8 μg and 0.014 22-0.284 4 μg. The recoveries were 98.7%, 98.9%, 99.4%, 99.2%, 98.9%, 99.1%, 98.9%, 99.6%, 99.3%, 98.9%, 98.6% and 99.0%, respectively. The relative standard deviations were 1.02%, 0.46%, 0.64%, 0.86%, 1.1%, 1.3%, 0.60%, 0.92%, 0.61%, 1.5%, 0.93%and 0.98%, respectively(n=6). CONCLUSION: This method is simple, accurate, reproducible and convenient for the quality control over Yigan Jiedu Capsules.
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Objective: To study the effects of different Chinese materia medica combinations on the regulation of adrenal function. Methods Mice with 1.65 mg/(kg•d) hydrocortisone for 14 d to induce drug-induced syndrome was treated synchronously with assissting yang and dissipating cold (Aconm Lateralis Radix Praeparaia-Cinnamomi Cortex), nourishing yin and reducing fire (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex), tonifying qi and promoting fluid production (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma-Astragali Radix), and tonifying blood and benefiting spirit (Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata-Corni Fructus). The body mass of mice was dynamically observed every day, and the characteristic information such as body mass, holding power, axillary temperature, activity degrees of open field, and infrared temperature were detected by the experimental methodology of mice syndrome differentiation; The mice were sacrificed whose spleen, thymus was weighed and the organ index was calculated. Serum corticosterone, ACTH, adrenaline, and noradrenaline were measured by ELISA. The gene expressions of Star, Cyp11a1, Cyp21a1, Cyp11b1, Cyp11b2, Dbh, Ddc, Pnmt, and Th in the adrenal were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. The protein’s expressions of LDLR, SRB1, and StAR were detected by Western blotting. Results:The effects of four different treatments on the reduction of body weight and body temperature caused by hydrocortisone were not significant. The holding power of mice in Aconm Lateralis Radix Praeparaia-Cinnamomi Cortex group was significantly higher than that of hydrocortisone group (P < 0.05). Compared with the hydrocortisone group, the serum corticosterone content of mice in Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex group increased significantly (P < 0.01); The genes expression of Star, Cyp11b1, and Cyp11b2 was significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05, 0.01); The proteins expression of SRBI and StAR were significantly up-regulated. Conclusion: The nourishing yin and purging fire treatment group (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex) is the best to correct and protect the adrenal cortex function in mice with hydrocortisone induced syndrome at low dose.
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Objective@#To investigate the changes of alkaloids in Chinese medicine Phellodendron amurense.@*Methods@#High performance liquid chromatographywas used to detect the content of berberine, corkaline, jatrorrhizine, palmatinebefore and after processing in different processed products of Chinese medicine Phellodendron amurense. The column was Ecosil C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.5 μm), and the mobile phase was acetonitrile: 0.2% phosphoric acid buffer solution (55:45)(0.4 g of sodium lauryl sulfate per 100 ml of 0.2% phosphoric acid aqueous solution), detection wavelength was 265 nm, column temperature was 35 ℃, flow rate was 1.0 ml/min, and injection volume was 3.0 μl.@*Results@#The best processing temperature of brine-dried cork, anthrax, and wine-running cork was below 160 ℃. Themass fraction of total alkaloid was 4.512 7%, 2.789 4% and 4.047 1% at 100 ℃. Among them, the wine-dried cork and salt water-filled cork products and raw products had a high mass indicating that the auxiliary materials for increasing the dissolution rate of alkaloids were salt and wine. Compared with the raw products, the content of berberine and palmatine in salt water-running cork and wine-running cork was obvious. The content of berberine and palmatine in anthrax was significantly decreased, and the content of corkaline and jatrorrhizine did not change significantly.@*Conclusions@#The changes of alkaloids before and after in different processing of Cortex Phellodendron have showed some differences. The different processing and temperature have a direct influence on the changes of its composition, which can changes the chemical properties of Chinese medicine Phellodendron amurense before and after processing.
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To prepare standard decoction of Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex pieces, establish quality standards, and provide reference for evaluating the quality of formula granule of Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex. 15 batches Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex pieces in different levels of quality were collected from market. The standard extraction process was used to prepare the standard decoction, and then the transfer rate of the index components berberine and phellodendrine was calculated to measure dry extraction ratio and pH value. So the method for Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex's fingerprint and content determination of index components was established. The result revealed that the extraction ratio was from 12.81% to 19.41%, with an average value of 16.54%. The transfer rate of berberine was at the range of 36.4%-56.6%, with an average value of 48.9%. The transfer rate of Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex piece was at the range of 47.5%-83.3%, with an average value of 63.1%. The pH value was between 5.2 and 5.9. The Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of traditional Chinese medicine TCM (2012A) was used to analyze and compare the fingerprint and the similarity between the fingerprint of formula granule of Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex and the reference fingerprint was over 0.9. The preparation method in this paper showed good precision, stability and repeatability in fingerprint analysis, suitable for quality evaluation of Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex pieces standard decoction.
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Objective To explore all sources of precipitation, parameters of interaction and binding abilities of different Chinese materia medica (CMM) combinations during the formation process of the precipitation in Huanglian Jiedu Decoction (HJD) using the thermodynamic method. The study was aim to reveal the mechanism of the formation of precipitation in CMM decoction. Methods First, the possible CMM combinations which had obvious precipitation phenomenon when combined were determined by the research on decomposed recipes. Then isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to determine the binding heat and thermodynamic parameters of binding reactions, thermodynamic parameters contents binding constant (Ka), dissociation constant (Kd), estimate of stoichiometric ratio (n), enthalpy change (ΔH), entropy change (ΔS), Gibbs free energy change (ΔG), these data were used to explain the differences in binding abilities between different CMM combinations. Results The original decomposed recipes experiment indicated the CMM combinations that could produce obvious precipitate when they were mixed were Scutellariae Radix-Coptidis Rhizoma and Scutellariae Radix-Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex. Precipitation amount of Scutellariae Radix-Coptidis Rhizoma was the most. There was no precipitate in Scutellariae Radix-Gardeniae Fructus, Coptidis Rhizoma-Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex, Coptidis Rhizoma-Gardeniae Fructus or Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex-Gardeniae Fructus. In ITC, the thermodynamic parameters of the three experience groups were the same, ΔH 0, ΔG |-TΔS|, indicating the three reactions were all enthalpy-driving reactions. The Ka of Scutellariae Radix decoction titrated Coptidis Rhizoma decoction was 1.283 × 104, Scutellariae Radix decoction titrated Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex deccotion was 4.680 × 103, Scutellariae Radix decoction titrated Gardeniae Fructus decoction was 1.973 × 103. The value decreased gradually. The binding heat of Scutellariae Radix and Gardeniae Fructus was much smaller than the binding heats of Scutellariae Radix and Coptidis Rhizoma, Scutellariae Radix and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex. Conclusion During the formation process of the precipitation in HJD, the main source of acid-base complex-precipitation were Scutellariae Radix-Coptidis Rhizoma and Scutellariae Radix-Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex; Analysis of molecular thermodynamic indicates the binding energy of Scutellariae Radix and Coptidis Rhizoma was larger than that of Scutellariae Radix and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex, compared with them, the binding energy of Scutellariae Radix and Gardeniae Fructus is tiny.
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Objective To study the effects of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex medicine effective parts on phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway and explore its mechanism of action to improve brain cognitive of type 2 diabetes rats. Methods A total of 50 male SPF SD rats, divided into five groups with 10 for each group, named as control group, model group, high/low dosage of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex medicine effective parts (ZBH and ZBL) group, and Ebixa (MHT) treatment group; The rats were immunized with ip of streptozotocin (STZ) jointly fed high-fat diet for three weeks. Then the rats were continuously gavaged with ZBH, ZBL, and MHT for 20 weeks, the serum Aβ1-42 levels were determinated in 8th and 16th week respectively, the changes of the cognitive impairment were analyzed, combined with Barnes maze and Morris water maze to detects the cognitive ability of each group rats; At the end of 20 weeks of administration, dissecting and preservatting the rat pancreatic tissue, the hippocampus to made into routine pathological sections and brain tissue pathology morphology inspection and PI3K, Akt, and Bcl-2 mRNA expression by fluorescence quantitative PCR method detection. Results After treatment for 8 weeks and 16 weeks, compared with control group, Aβ1-42 levels of model group were significantly increased (P < 0.05, 0.01); Administration 20 weeks, compared with control group, pathological section results showed normal hippocampus cells arranged in neat rows, morphological rules, and color is very even. DM models of hippocampal tissue cells arranged scattered through the administration significantly after repair. Compared with model group, ZBH and ZBL could effectively improve the form of neurons and cell arrangement of rat's hippocampus, repairing nerve injury; Compared with control group, PI3K and Akt mRNA expression of hippocampal tissue of model group rats decreased, Bcl-2 mRNA expression was abate (P < 0.05). After delivery, MHT and ZBH group could significantly improve the level of PI3K, Akt, and Bcl-2 mRNA expression (P < 0.05, 0.01). Conclusion Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex medicine effective parts can significantly reduce the accumulation of Aβ1-42 protein, and decreased the expression of PI3K and Akt, indicating that the effects of improvement of cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetic rats may be achieved through regulation of PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Dioscoreae Bulibferae Rhizoma (RDB) is commonly used in clinical Chinese medicine. It has been used in many kinds of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), but the toxicity of RDB, easily leads to hepatotoxicity. The objective of the present study is to investigate the synergistic protective effect of Scutellariae Radix (SR) with Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex (PCC) on RDB caused liver toxicity in rats. SD female rats were adopted to establish the hepatotoxicity models by RDB (9 g•kg⁻¹, ig) once daily for 28 consecutive days. After 28 days, liver histological changes were observed, and the activity of transaminase and antioxidant enzymes was evaluated. Morphological and biochemical indicators evaluation showed that, Dioscoreae Bulibferae Rhizoma-induced hepatotoxicity models were successful, and the liver cells were dissolved and swelling with fatty degeneration； inflammatory cells were present in gaps; local punctiformed or lamellar hydropic degeneration was found in liver tissues, with partial necrosis. Indexes of liver function (ALT, AST and ALP) were significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The combination of SR and PCC has protective effect on RDB-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. SR+PCC exerted the strongest protective effects against RDB-induced hepatotoxicity. SR, PCC, and SB+CP were observed to exhibit hepatoprotective effect as demonstrated by significant decrease in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and MAD level in liver tissue (P<0.001), significant increase in GSH content in liver tissue (P<0.001), and significant improvement in his to pathologic changes of liver tissues in rats. SR, PCC and their combinations could achieve liver protection effect by reducing ALT, ALP and AST level in serum, increasing GSH level and anti-oxidantability of liver tissues, and reducing hepatic tissue cells injury.
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Objective: To compare the effect of Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex (HB) and Coptis Rhizoma (HL) on organism metabolism in mice and explore the regulation of both HB and HL on the endogenous metabolism in mice. Methods: 1H-NMR, based on metabolomic approach coupled with multivariate statistical analysis method, was used to investigate the intervention differences between HB and HL on endogenous metabolites in the serum and liver of normal mice after drug administration. Results: The changes of organism endogenous metabolites in both HB and HL treated groups were similar, but the differences also existed. Compared with the control group, the levels of 3-HB, NAG, glycerin, choline, α-glucose,and β-glucose in serum and those of glutamate, glycogen, adenosine, GSSG, betaine, and other metabolites in liver were changed in the two drug treated groups in a different change range. These changes of endogenous metabolites involved in glycometabolism, lipid metabolism, and other pathways. Conclusion: This study provides a scientific basis for the comparative analysis of drug function between HB and HL, which has both the similarities and differences.
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OBJECTIVE: To study the distribution and correlation of 15 inorganic elements, which are Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Se, Sn, Pb and Zn, in 10 kinds of Chinese medicinal materials(Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, Carthami Flos, Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, Crataegi Fructus,Moutan Cortex, Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex, Centellae Herba, Menthae Haplocalycis Herba, Bombyx Batryticatus, Pheretima). METHODS: The levels of 15 inorganic elements in 10 kinds of Chinese Medicinal Materials were determined by ICP-MS and ICP-OES with microwave digestion for sample preparation, and the results were analyzed with SPSS15.0. RESULTS: Some residues of heavy metals in the Chinese Medicinal Materials overstepped the limits. The levels of almost all kinds of inorganic elements in Pheretima and Centellae Herba were relatively higher than others. The levels of Al and Ba in several batches were evidently and singularly higher than others in the same kind of Chinese Medicinal Materials. Besides Ba, Hg and Pb, the levels of other 12 inorganic elemens showed extremely significant positive correlation. Cu/Zn radio in those Chinese Medicinal Materials with cardiovascular effects were higher than others. CONCLUSION: To ensure the quality and safety, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision and control of the levels of some inorganic elements in Chinese medicinal materials. Copyright 2012 by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.